Protecting or Ensuring the Health and Safety of Employees

Chapter by chapter list Exhibit duty Develop preparing program Inspect the working environment Conclusion Works Cited Protecting or guaranteeing the wellbeing and security of representatives who are straightforwardly influenced by the exercises inside the association is a significant piece of hazard the executives. The workers are the most significant asset and the last one that decide the presentation of the association after different components have been fulfilled (Werner DeSimone 10).Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Protecting or Ensuring the Health and Safety of Employees explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, methodologies that ought to be executed to secure their wellbeing and wellbeing ought cover the specific situation, yet should be compelling. Whoever considers the activity isn't a higher priority than the one it influences. I guess that the discussion about wellbeing and security ought to be on how the expect ed system is refreshing among the subjects as opposed to on its apparent results. Thereason is that, the viability exclusively relies upon the readiness of the subjects to add to the activity. The methodologies ought to in this manner be those that start inspirations and set up positive connection between the deliverer and the subject. The acknowledgment here is that the human asset the board is as significant as the workers in ensuring the wellbeing and security of the representatives, and the best suggestions are those that influence bothcontexts. Show duty Hawkins (2) recommends that the arrangement of wellbeing and security of the laborers is the obligation ofparties limited by authoritative strategies, objectives and mission. The wellsprings of perilous condition ought not be viewed as to begin from the framework that caused it or the bombed duty of a representative, however directly from outer elements that could have been considered in forestalling it. For example, another br oken machine that causes a mishap could be the shortcoming of the administrator or the director just as the disappointment of the authoritative bodies to submit them in observing that the engineers of such machines hold fast to quality determinations. Responsibility for all including the general public which can dissent if an office is seen to hazard the soundness of the individuals is a solid proposal in guaranteeing wellbeing and security for all. At the point when limited, corporate responsibility is generally significant in giving wellbeing and security of the laborers. It can never be contended that the achievement can happen without including the partners. Wellbeing and security is an issue that requires information and aptitude support, moral help, and budgetary help. At this point, the job of human asset division is to interface the workers with the higher progressive systems of administration. While the representatives are in the best situation to ensure them, the way to do that normally originates from above. The dedication of the administration and the board will make them to esteem the representatives and in the end be happy to improve their working environment.Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The impacts of corporate responsibility on wellbeing and security of representatives is found on account of North Staffordshire Combines Healthcare NHS Trust (HSE, 3). In the wake of confronting improvement focuses on, the board set out an entire framework way to deal with oversee dangers giving one of the chiefs responsibilityfor managing the wellbeing and security in the association. This prompted a superior and significantly better wellbeing and security framework that empowers in recognizing and overseeing corporate dangers, a straightforward culture, and enhancements in announcing and checking. In such a domain there stays just the commitment of the workers to guarantee their wellbeing and security. Worker responsibility is additionally significant as it gives the last take during the time spent guaranteeing wellbeing and security of the working environment (Karmis 181). Regardless of how the administration is submitted, the representatives must be prepared to acknowledge what is managed. Their responsibility implies even their endeavors to help the administration comprehend the ground issues as far as wellbeing and security. This is a premise of the contention that the workers have the sole duty to ensure themselves. As noted before be that as it may, the methods and inspiration must originate from elsewhere. Laborers humble themselves so as to convey their obligations in order to get by and may never know about the dangers related with their workplace. Create preparing program We all do what we know and improve our presentation through learning new things just as returning to the old ones. So also, the workers will do what they think about wellbeing and security and improve in that setting through inclining new things. Moreover, working condition and the types of gear related continue changing and in this manner require new information so as to adjust well. Consequently preparing is significant in securing the wellbeing and security of the workers. The more the representatives learn better approaches to secure themselves, the better they shape their work places. It isn't ethically upstanding for the administration to expect that the representatives are sheltered at their working environments when there is no push to give them what ought to be finished. The significant job of HR is guaranteeing that the workers are agreeable enough to perform to the desires for the association. As far as wellbeing and security, this solace intends to arm the workers with the important abilities and information through precise training.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis te st on Protecting or Ensuring the Health and Safety of Employees explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More doubtlessly the supervisors probably won't comprehend the circumstance at the ground level or probably won't feel the genuine load of the issue, yet they have the focal job to associate the representatives with the essential assets. The business setting is very unique as the coaching procedure starts from the HR office. Most workers will honestly look for an exhortation from the HR club and in this way forcing an ethical commitment on HR to help their freedom as far as wellbeing and security through preparing. The majority of the administration individuals inside an association think about the fundamental wellbeing and security suggestions, and in reality have the assets to find out about them. Consequently, it beats rationale to contend that the individuals ought to delegateall the wellbeing and security duties to their workers. As per the hard working attitudes, p ioneers are responsible to the prosperity of their representatives and should never come when they leave this obligation. They would rather start programs for preparing to make the representatives progressively free and simple to oversee, and the best projects will be structured when there adequate information about the work environment. Review the work environment Regular examination of the work environment and the related frameworks shapes the stage for the administration to settle on compelling choices concerning wellbeing and security. This is on the grounds that suggestions, for example, preparing begin from the discoveries of an assessment work out. The human asset has the job of gathering however much data as could reasonably be expected about the experience and impression of the representatives on their work environments. In spite of the fact that, the representatives may require the association to give a sound and safe condition, it isn't accurate that the greater part of t hem know the perfect workplace. Unquestionably, they are very little mindful of the wellbeing and security issue encompassing their workplace. This is on the grounds that, as whatever other individual who gets used to a similar spot, the workers will in general accept the numerous indications of dangers. Customary examinations may likewise stir the acknowledgment in the representatives that the association in concerned and turn out to be increasingly dependable when working. Truth be told numerous mishaps and blunders prompting wellbeing risks coming about because of the lack of regard of the workers can be diminished through ordinary review. Mindful that the administration has assumed its job in guaranteeing wellbeing and protections, the representatives are tested to add to the dilemma.Advertising Searching for contextual investigation on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More As people, the workers can't plunk down and watch everything being accomplished for their prosperity. They will without a doubt be persuaded to ascend and play their separate jobs and for the conditions outside their ability to control, they will have the option to press their necessities forward in confidence that they will be managed. Their ethical position will move others and the whole association towards securing their wellbeing and wellbeing. End Protecting the wellbeing and strength of the representatives is an exertion that calls for enterprise from all the gatherings in question. Their responsibility and particularly that of the human asset the board guarantees that the workers have availability to the suitable methods. These methods which are encouraged by the association everywhere should meet a workforce which is set up to misuse them. Hence, preparing gets significant in setting up the representatives to work autonomously towards a sound and safe condition. Also, the sta ndard review of the workplace empowers the administration to settle on better choices while simultaneously promising the representatives to take duties. In spite of their comprehension of the circumstance, it is extremely unlikely that the representatives can guarantee sound and safe condition all alone. Works Cited Hawkins, Leslie.Tolley’s Guide to Managing Employee Health. London, UK: Taylor Francis, 2003. Wellbeing and Safety Executive. â€Å"Leading wellbeing and security at work†. 17 October, 2011. http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg417.pdf Karmis, Michael. Mine wellbeing and security the executives. SME, 2001 Werner, Jon and DeSimone Randy. Human

Career Development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Profession Development - Coursework Example Therefore, so as to grow significant level of instructive achievements among understudies, it is basic that one beginning by building more grounded self-adequacy for the researcher sufficiently early. Therefore, self-viability is a lot of basic theme among the teachers and analysts as studies have built up, self-adequacy to affect mental states to inspiration to conduct. People can be convinced to accept and consider that they have the abilities and aptitudes to succeed. At the point when an individual says something urging and constructive to someone else will assist one with attaining an objective The most significant activity plant towards self-adequacy self-awareness is dominance encounters; the most efficacious methods for creating solid feeling of self-viability is by authority encounters. Playing out an assignment effectively reinforces our feeling of self-adequacy. On the other hand, neglecting to adequately manage obligations or stand up to may debilitate and sabotage self-viability. In this way continued completing of an exercises in business for example evaluating, it will help in getting a handle on all the fundamental subtleties required in examining, subsequently acing of understanding. The following activity plan self-viability self-awareness is social displaying. With sharp perception of what others playing out the assignments and obligations, I will have the option to perform it later. Consequently, social demonstrating is accomplished by seeing others effectively completing a vocation or undertaking. Watching individual achieving something by proceeded with try raises spectators mentality and convictions that they can likewise have the ability to ace comparable exercises to flourish. With social displaying, it supports one’s confidence to do the errands that has been watched. Correspondingly, when the other party playing out the undertakings committed an error, one can address from the slip-up watched and perform much better. The third activity plan for self-adequacy

Social Psychology Research Methods

Social Psychology Research Methods Theories Social Psychology Print How Social Psychologists Conduct Their Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 24, 2019 Trina Dalziel / Getty Images More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Social psychology research methods allow psychologists to get a better look at what causes people to engage in certain behaviors in social situations. In order to empirically study social behavior, psychologists rely on a number of different scientific methods to conduct research on  social psychology  topics. These methods allow researchers to test hypotheses and theories and look for relationships between different variables. Why do people do the things they do? And why do they sometimes behave differently in groups? These questions are of interest not only to social psychologists, but to teachers, public policy-makers, healthcare administrators, or anyone who has ever watched a news story about a world event and wondered, “Why do people act that way?” Which type of research is best? This depends largely on the subject the researcher is exploring, the resources available, and the theory or hypothesis being investigated. Why Do Psychologists Study Social Behavior? Why study social behavior? Since so many common sense explanations exist for so many human actions, people sometimes fail to see the value in scientifically studying such behaviors. However, it is important to remember that folk wisdom can often be surprisingly inaccurate and that the scientific explanations behind a behavior can be quite shocking. Milgrams infamous obedience experiments are examples of how the results of an experiment can defy conventional wisdom. If you asked most people if they would obey an authority figure even if it meant going against their moral code or harming another individual, they would probably emphatically deny that they would ever do such a thing. Yet Milgrams results revealed that 65 percent of participants would hurt another person simply because they were told to do so by an authority figure. It is important to utilize the scientific method to study psychological phenomena in an objective, empirical, and analytical way. By employing the scientific method, researchers can see cause-and-effect relationships and generalize the results of their experiments to larger populations. While common sense might tell us that opposites attract, that birds of a feather flock together, or that absence makes the heart grow fonder, psychologists can put such ideas to the test using various research methods to determine if there is any real truth to such folk wisdom. Descriptive Research The goal of descriptive research is to portray what already exists in a group or population. One example of this type of research would be an opinion poll to find which political candidate people plan to vote for in an upcoming election. Unlike causal and relational studies, descriptive studies cannot determine if there is a relationship between two variables. They can only describe what exists within a given population. An example of descriptive research would be conducting a survey to find out peoples attitudes toward a particular social issue such as divorce, capital punishment, or gambling laws. Common Types of Descriptive Research Some of the most commonly used forms of descriptive research utilized by social psychologists include: Surveys Surveys are probably one of the most frequently  used types of descriptive research. Such surveys usually rely on self-report inventories in which people fill out questionnaires about their own behaviors or opinions. The advantage of the survey method is that it allows social psychology researchers to gather a large amount of data relatively quickly, easily, and cheaply. The Observational Method This involves watching people and describing their behavior. Sometimes referred to as field observation, this can involve creating a scenario in a lab and then watching how people respond or performing naturalistic observation in the subjects own environment. Each type of observation has its own strengths and weaknesses. Researchers might prefer using observational methods in a lab in order to gain greater control over possible extraneous variables, while they might prefer using naturalistic observation in order to obtain greater ecological validity. However, lab observations tend to be more costly and difficult to implement than naturalistic observations. Case Studies A case study involves the in-depth observation of a single individual or group. Case studies can allow researchers to gain insight into things that are very rare or even impossible to reproduce in experimental settings. The case study of Genie, a young girl who was horrifically abused and deprived of learning language during the critical period, is one example of how a case study can allow social scientists to study phenomena that they otherwise could not reproduce in a lab. Types of Psychological Research Correlational Research Social psychologists use correlational research to look for relationships between variables. For example, social psychologists might carry out a correlational study looking at the relationship between media violence and aggression. They might collect data on how many hours of aggressive or violent television programs children watch each week and then gather data how on aggressively the children act in lab situations or in naturalistic settings. Conducting surveys, directly observing behaviors, or compiling research from earlier studies are some of the methods used to gather data for correlational research. While this type of study can help determine if two variables have a relationship, it does not allow researchers to determine if one variable causes changes in another variable. While the researcher in the previous example on media aggression and violence can use the results of his study to determine if there might be a relationship between the two variables, he cannot say definitively that watching television violence causes aggressive behavior. Do Children Learn Violence Through Observation? Experimental Research Experimental research is the key to uncovering causal relationships between variables. In experimental research, the experimenter randomly assigns participants to one of two groups: The Control Group:  The control group receives no treatment and serves as a baseline.The Experimental Group: Researchers manipulate the levels of some independent variable in the experimental group and then measure the effects. Because researchers are able to control the independent variables, experimental research can be used to find causal relationships between variables. So if psychologists wanted to establish a causal relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior, they would want to design an experiment to test this hypothesis. If the hypothesis was that playing violent video games causes players to respond more aggressively in social situations, they would want to randomly assign participants to two groups. The control group would play a non-violent video game for a predetermined period of time while the experimental group would play a violent game for the same period of time. Afterward, the participants would be placed in a situation where they would play a game against another opponent. In this game, they could either respond aggressively or non-aggressively. The researchers would then collect data on how often people utilized aggressive responses in this situation and then compare this information with whether these individuals were in the control or experimental group. Why Social Research Methods Are Important The study of human behavior is as complex as the behaviors themselves, which is why it is so important for social scientists to utilize empirical methods of selecting participants, collecting data, analyzing their findings, and reporting their results. By using the scientific method, designing an experiment, collecting data, and analyzing the results, researchers can then determine if there is a causal relationship between media violence and violent behavior. Interesting Research Topics in Social Psychology

Waiting For Godot, By Samuel Beckett - 1581 Words

A play that seemingly contains nothing delivers a universally opened-ended message to all of mankind. Playwright Samuel Beckett successfully crafts the theatrical production, Waiting for Godot, which portrays nothingness through the use of dialogue, setting and plot. However, it is because of this meaninglessness and the futility of human existence as shown through the lives of the two main characters in the play that allows the audience to realize the insignificance of their own lives and therefore the senselessness of human existence in general. Beckett explores through disjointed dialogue, absence of setting and the cyclical structure the significance of meaninglessness in relation to man’s search for meaning. The language within absurdist drama is often repetitive and useless excess jargon that holds no meaning other than to serve the purpose of misinterpretation and repetition. The characters Vladimir and Estragon often talk just for the sake of hearing their own voices even if their conversations carry absolutely no source of relevancy nor importance, Vladimir: Moron! Estragon: That’s the idea, let’s abuse each other. Vladimir: Moron! Estragon: Vermin! †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Vladimir: How time flies when one has fun! Silence (Beckett 76-77) By partaking in these worthless attempts towards a conversation, it becomes clear to the audience that both characters are just purely feeding the deafening void of silence that threatens to consume their existence. This highlights not onlyShow MoreRelatedSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot1696 Words   |  7 PagesWaiting for Godot: Theatre of the Absurd. Who is Godot and what does he represent? These are two of the questions that Samuel Beckett allows both his characters and the audience to ponder. Many experiences in this stage production expand and narrow how these questions are viewed. The process of waiting reassures the characters in Beckett s play that they do indeed exist. One of the roles that Beckett has assigned to Godot is to be a savior of sorts. Godot helps to give the two tramps in WaitingRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot2241 Words   |  9 Pages1429631 17/02/2015 Literature Endgame, Samuel Beckett and Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett The vogue for Beckett started with the success of Waiting for Godot which was produced in Paris in 1953. It was his first play apart from one, Eleutheria, written in 1947 which was never published or performed. In 1946, Samuel Beckett wrote Mercier et Camier which according to Ronald Hayman in his critic essay entitled Contempory playrights Samuel Beckett show how the dialogue of the male coupleRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot1209 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment In Waiting for Godot, a simplistic view can be applied which makes the play frustrating and seemingly worthless, which exemplifies how different views can be applied to different pieces of literature. If an existentialist view is applied to the play, it is easy to see how the nothingness that fills the main characters’ lives can be connected to the readers’ own lives and how the play exposes the lack of meaning thrust upon them. In Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, the suppressionRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot1574 Words   |  7 PagesIn Samuel Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot, the use of seemingly useless repetition with subtle differences is seen throughout the play in a way that Beckett allows the audience to put their own meaning into the play. The play writer does this through the repetition of his setting, character’s actions and the creation of almost two identical days. In Waiting for Godot, we see a tragic comedy in which no thing happens, not once, but twice. In between the two acts, which are separate days in the playRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot1970 Words   |  8 PagesSamuel Beckett was born in Ireland on April 13, 1906. Waiting for Godot was composed between 1948 and 1949 in French. The premiere was on January 5 1953 in Paris. After World War II, he wrote Waiting for Godot. In Samuel Beckett’s play, Waiting for Godot, it is essential that the play is characterized by time and hopelessness. That the purpose of life is unanswerable; there is no apparent meaning to it. When first analyzing the play, there is an uncertainty if anything happens within the play orRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot1501 Words   |  7 PagesSamuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot is a theater of absurd which pictures the world that has lost its meaning due to the absence of God and features two protagonists who are incapable of acting upon themselves and who are heavily dependent on a mystical figure named Godot. Given that Beckett is profoundly influenced by existentialism -- a philosophical study in which an individual is required to act upon oneself rather than passively relying on religion -- the audience may find a non-existential aspectRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot 1378 Words   |  6 Pageswithout being controlled or stoppe d. Freedom is the power to act, speak, and think without any hindrance. In Samuel Beckett’s, â€Å"Waiting for Godot,† freedom is one of the main issues throughout the story. Characters are unable to think for themselves, they are being controlled by other character, and they are unable to move about freely. Samuel Beckett’s concept of freedom in â€Å"Waiting for Godot† is being portrayed through the characters of Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo, and Lucky. Each character is imprisonedRead MoreThe Belief in a Savior in Waiting for Godot, by Samuel Beckett967 Words   |  4 Pages Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett entails more than one moral or lesson within the story. I feel that the moral of the story is up to the perception of the reader, however. It has been discussed that there is no relationship between God and waiting for salvation. However, in my opinion, I think that Estragon and Vladimir were waiting for God to â€Å"show up† for them and were unable to receive any salvation. This ties into the idea of struggling and striving for a better life whileRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot Essay1767 Words   |  8 PagesTheatre is a complex art that attempts to weave stories of varying degrees of intricacies with the hope that feelings will be elicited from the audience. Samuel Beckett’s most famous work in the theatre world, however, is Waiting for Godot, the play in which, according to well-known Irish critic Vivian Mercier, â€Å"nothing happens, twice.† Beckett pioneered many different levels of groundbreaking and avant-garde theatre and had a large influence on the section of the modern idea of presentational theatreRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot871 Words   |  4 PagesWaiting for Godot, a tragicomedy written in two acts, was written by Samuel Beckett in 1949. The plot of the play revolves around two main characters, Vladimir and Estragon, w ho wait in hope to meet someone or something named ‘Godot.’ While on the other hand, there is Pozzo and Lucky who appear venturing on the country road. Beckett uses the characters in Waiting for Godot to embody specific meanings to their relationships and how it may parallel to the world as people know it. Vladimir and Estragon

The United States Political Parties - 849 Words

Elmer Eric Schattschneider said (1995) â€Å"political parties created democracy, and . . . democracy is unthinkable save in terms of parties†(pg.3). A political party is a group of voters organized to support certain public policies(Dictionary.com). The aim of a political party is to elect officials who will try to carry out the party s policies. The United States political parties are what many would claim to be the center of the nation s political system, and among the many that believe that would be our founding fathers whom started the United States political parties. During the establishment of the Constitution of the United States the Framers, also known as our founding fathers, tried to remain exempt from any and all political parties due to prior knowledge of outcomes of political parties in Europe. George Washington, the first president of the united states, was so against the forming of political parties that he warned the founding fathers of the risk in his farewell address stating â€Å"Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party.† Despite the Framers eschew from political parties, the constant battle of the ratification of the Constitution started separating the newly found government, thus creating the first political parties in the United States known as the Federalist, and the anti-Federalist . Despite the two parties lacking stability and organization they had a base of whatShow MoreRelatedThe Political Parties Of The United States1183 Word s   |  5 Pages There are two major political parties in the United States, the Democrats and the Republicans. The Democratic symbol is a donkey they got this from the colonial times when andrew jackson kept being called a donkey so he started to use it, and we have used it ever since. The republicans got their symbol from Nast. Nast invented a famous symbol the Republican elephant. In a cartoon that Nast that had ran in Harper s Weekly in the year 1874, Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion s skin, scaring awayRead MoreThe Political Parties Of The United States Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesMany people, including the United States, thinks the US is the greatest democracy; but many other countries question whether they are or not because the US democracy only tolerates two political parties. In the 2014 presidential election, there were 52 political parties that ran during the election. Some examples of the main stream parties were the Libertarians, Green, Constitution, and Ref orm Parties (Tormsen, 2015). Other parties included the Blue Enigma, Marijuana, NSA Did 911, etc. Although thereRead MoreThe Political Party Of The United States2029 Words   |  9 PagesGroup Report There have been several changes that have happened in the United States for the past 20 years. Firstly, the powers of presidents have been expanding at the expense of both branches, mostly in the Congress. The presidents have been using their executive orders to bypass the Congress from time to time. Follow by the interest group; the social issue such as abortion has been a big controversial topic among pro-life group and pro-choice group and the issue has been settled down by PresidentRead MoreThe Political Parties Of The United States940 Words   |  4 Pagesmind and different belief that they need to follow. Therefore, there are a couple hundreds of political parties have been created for people to joint in the U.S. Each party has a particular rules and goals that they need to aim. In fact, Republican and Democracy are the two biggest parties in this country. However, there are also many interesting other political party, and one of them is The Canary Party which was establish in the Spring of 2011. In recent human history, mankind has created and witnessedRead MoreThe Political Party Of The United States Of America1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe nature of the political party system in the United States of America, the oldest democracy in existence, is that the majority party rules. In essence, of the two major contemporary political parties that has a preponderance of votes wins the majority seat or as it is called â€Å"the winner takes all system† and the party that loses takes the minority seat and gets little to no power in the political arena. As a result, there is no representation for any other political party as long as the DemocratsRead MoreEssay on Political Parties in the United States797 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Parties in the United States There are numerous political parties in the United States and they all have no strict requirements for membership. That means whatever group you want to belong to you can. There are also no membership lists that are maintained. Some of the ways to determine party affiliation comes from voting surveys and public opinion polls. The majority of voters in America consider themselves to be Democrats. Party identification does not mean that who is youRead More Political Parties in the United States Essay2450 Words   |  10 PagesPolitical Parties in the United States When the founders of the American republic wrote the U.S. Constitution in 1787, they did not envision a role for political parties in the governmental order. Indeed, they sought through various constitutional arrangements such as separation of powers, checks and balances, and indirect election of the president by an electoral college to insulate the new republic from political parties and factions. In spite of the founders intentions, the United StatesRead MoreCreation Of The United States And Political Parties2153 Words   |  9 PagesAn Age to Reflect: Creation of The United States and Political Parties Jonah Grier History 100 3/24/16 American history is filled with ups and downs. Starting out with only 13 colonies, America forcibly removed themselves from the one of the strongest empires in the world. Battling against political reform, the subtraction of resources from the motherland, the debt accrued by colonists, and the bank wars, America struggles to create a self-sustaining country. Forced Founders: Indians, DebtorsRead MorePolitical Parties Of The United States : The Democratic And Republic Parties915 Words   |  4 Pages There are two main political parties that dominate politics in the in the United States: The Democratic and Republic Parties. It turns out that these two political parties are opposed to each other on a wide range of issues that affect American public life. Unfortunately, many Americans are unaware of these differences between the two parties and tend to vote their officials into office in an uneducated manner. This often results in the political gridlock that often characterize government businessRead MoreWhy The United States Needs Political Parties3191 Words   |  13 PagesLanguage and Composition February 23rd, 2015 Why the United States Needs to Add More Political Parties American politics have been divided for years by two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans. These two parties are the two major parties in America and they are the ones that run the American government and decide what is best for the citizens of the United States. On the surface it seems like a great idea to have two parties that each have different views and can represent both

British Judiciary Free Essays

Does the composition of the Judiciary adequately represent British society today? The key purpose of this essay Is to explore and critically analyses the current composition of the British judiciary as it stands today. Using statistics, reports and articles this paper will attempt to illuminate the subject, and in turn, explain why the judiciary seems to be a force of older, white males, yet has an apparent absence of women and ethnic minorities amongst the higher positions of the courts system. To fully accomplish this objective there are a number of areas that this paper hopes to dress Insightfully and Informatively, the first of these being social perceptions of the Judiciary, and to explore If this has any Impact on Its makeup. We will write a custom essay sample on British Judiciary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly, we will examine the education system before and after the 20th century. Here, we will look at changes, if any, that have been made to accommodate more of a diverse make up of judges. Lastly, we will look into discrimination, and if this plays any factor in the current Judiciary. Picture in your mind, a Judge in court. Almost everyone will have a similar Image; an older gentleman, most likely middle class In a flowing gown and a white wig upon his head. This stereotype seems to be almost Ingrained Into public consciousness, even to the point that the opening line on the governments judiciary diversity page reads: â€Å"A common description of a judicial office-holder is â€Å"pale and male† – a white man, probably educated at public school and Sobering. † [1] Is this a fair representation of British society today? A resounding â€Å"No† is the most likely answer. However, could It not also be a statement of the type of person applying to and climbing the ladders of the British legal system? One could argue that this reception almost immediately hinders people not of that typecast to even try to enter the legal field in fear of failure. Unfortunately, this is a much wider, and slightly off topic area that would need further study in order to obtain a veracious answer. When addressing education, we must look back, to history, in order to move forward. Prior to 1930, women were excluded from gaining degrees from two of the more prestigious universities, Oxford and Cambridge, and even needed special permission Just to attend lectures. This Is clearly a huge factor when addressing the question of why there Is a disparity between the Judiciary and the current make up of British society. A study in 2004 by the Sutton Trust[2] found that 81% of judges had attended either Oxford or Cambridge. When we take this into account, we see that it is a very esoteric selection that makes up the Judges of the English court system. Another factor to look at is the time it takes to ascend the ranks of the Judiciary. One possible argument Is that the current make up of Judges reflects upon those who were entering the legal field many years ago, when women and ethnic minorities may have men either discouraged, or simply barred from entering higher education. Take for example the current Lord Chief Justice Baron Thomas of Complied. Baron Thomas was called to the bar in 1969, and after working his way up through the positions of the courts systems, was appointed Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales on 1 October 2013. What we can take from this information is that It does Indeed take an extraordinarily long time to ascend ranks In the English legal system. If we look back compared to today, we see that the number of female barristers has more than doubled. A study in 2010 by the Bar Council[3] showed 53% of all barristers in England are now female. If this trend continues; surely we will see a marked improvement in the makeup of the English Judiciary in years to come. When addressing possible discrimination, it is important to base arguments on facts and statistics, rather than conjecture, in order to draw a valid conclusion. A study by the Law Society shows that in the year 2005, â€Å"Of the 9,665 students enrolled with the Society, 63. 5% were women and 25. 2% were from a minority ethnic group, compared with only 54% and 17. 2% respectively in 1994-95†³[4] What this tells us is that women ND ethnic minorities entering the legal field is on the rise, which is in stark contrast to the notion mentioned earlier that there is a clear absence. As we discussed earlier, the amount of time it takes to ascend through the court systems is lengthy and arduous. This coupled with the fact that white males were predominately applying for legal Jobs some forty or so years ago, perhaps shows that the higher courts are limited in the people they choose to appoint to the most senior roles. A study conducted in 2011 by the House of Lords Constitution Committee[5] showed that only 5. % of Judges were Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic, and 22. 3% were women. Again, does this show a lack of diversity in the courts, or simply positive changes brought forward by changing social standards? To really address this issue, one would have to re-evaluate the court structure in another fifteen to twenty years to assess whether or not women and ethnic minorities are in more prominent positions at that time. To encapsulate, I would simply say from the research I have conducted, that there is a very narrow spectrum for the Judiciary to promote from. Given that we already have nee female Judge in the Supreme Court, this to me shows that women are making it into the higher positions of the court system. Unfortunately, this doesn’t seem to be happening quickly enough, with recommendations to increase diversity including statements such as: â€Å"While appointment based on merit is vital and should continue, the committee supports the application Offs 159 of the Equalities Act 2010 to Judicial appointments. This would allow the desire to encourage diversity to be a relevant factor†[6]. I would argue however, that diversity for the sake of diversity itself is not meeting that should be forced, especially when dealing with something as important as a countries legal infrastructure. Whilst I agree that there perhaps should be a more diverse range of people in the English Judiciary, I must stress that this is something I feel should be allowed to happen naturally, at its own course. When looking at statistics for female and ethnic minorities, we have seen a sharp rise in the range of individuals entering and being promoted through the legal hierarchy. This surely speaks for itself, and any promotions or appointments made based upon raying to create diversity could, in my opinion, be a recipe for disaster. How to cite British Judiciary, Papers

Othellos Race Essay Research Paper Cynthia I free essay sample

Othellos Race Essay, Research Paper Cynthia I. Quintana Racial Background Effect in Othello During the Elizabethan times it was uncommon for black people to move out functions in dramas. Shakespeare introduces this to his audience in two dramas, the first Titus Andromicus and the 2nd Othello. The first black character, Aaron, is portrayed as a secondary scoundrel. Othello on the other manus is of higher position than many of his equals in the drama. This was different for Shakespeare to show a minority individual with such authorization as a chief character. Even with such, many different racial slurs were used by protagonists to degrade him. In Act I, Scene I, Iago, the scoundrel in this drama and at the same clip the right manus adult male of Othello, is shouting to Desdemona? s male parent from the exterior of his house? even now, now, really now, an old black random-access memory is tupping your white Ewe? ( Shakespeare 1051 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Othellos Race Essay Research Paper Cynthia I or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The? thick-lips? ( Shakespeare 1050 ) is mentioned in this drama towards Othello but is non the first clip Shakespeare uses it. He uses the phrase in Titus Andronicus to depict the biracial kid of the Moor, Aaron. Moor is another term often used to place those darker skinned people. ( Shakespeare 1052 ) . Brabantio goes every bit far as impeaching Othello of witchery. He says that Othello must hold used? drugs and minerals? to acquire Desdemona to get married his? sooty bosom? . Iago instigates the characters in this drama that do talk foul of Othello. It is rather obvious from the beginning of the narrative that Iago is bewraying Othello. Iago references to Roderigo? I am non what I am? . The pick of words he used towards Othello does non needfully intend that he is a racialist yet at the same clip I do non experience that Othello? s Quintana -2- background effects the events in this drama. With or without Othello being a Moor the result of the drama would hold worked every bit good. Name-calling, which is how I describe what Iago was making throughout the drama, is a common manner of seeking to degrade person even in today? s society. You try to happen something in your opposition that distinguishes him from yourself and the people who defend you and you use this to interrupt down their regard. Iago, out of green-eyed monster, calls Othello names behind his dorsum and still with all this. Iago is really cagey in doing Othello vulnerable to his word. Iago? s use to Othello is neer specified to be race related although racial slurs are what he invariably repeats. He merely uses these comments to mock Othello. This is grounds that leads me to believe that if Shakespeare would non hold made Othello of the same race as the remainder of the characters the secret plan of this narrative would hold remained the same and it would hold flowed merely every bit good. Shakespeare would merely hold had to utilize other non-racial yet know aparting words against Othello. Love and green-eyed monster are the cardinal feelings portrayed in this narrative, non racism. All Iago wants is to take over the leading power that Othello has. He enjoys making pandemonium as all scoundrels do and will halt at nil to acquire what he wants. This demonstrates the immorality he has within himself. Iago persuades Roderigo to sell all of his properties so that there may be a opportunity between him and Desdemona. ( Shakespeare 1065 ) Two-faced Iago besides flourishes Desdemona with his congratulationss. ( Shakespeare 1068 ) is doing himself out to be a loyal friend in her eyes everyone is easy influenced by Iago. He has his manner with everyone. Neither Roderigo nor Desdemona are different in colour Quintana -3- skin color for Iago to lead on them but he does anyhow. They are all portion of his treachery. Iago is all for himself. He even goes to the extent of converting his married woman to steal a hankie from Desdemona and so made it portion of his strategy. There were no bounds for him. He took down whomever he had to. Even though Othello was black he was integrated into the Venetian society and was besides the provinces military title-holder against the Turks, which made his position equal to that of Desdemona? s male parent, Brabantio. Prior to Othello holding eloped with Desdemona Brabantio had invited this Moor to his house and held this black adult male as one of his equals. But even holding all of this authorization Othello is however an foreigner and he is really much aware of this. Othello tells us this in Act I, Scene III when he mentions his soldier of fortune at a? rented field? . Othello? s black tegument colour is less a racial issue than a cultural differentiator. However racial pigeonholing instead tham simple division between Venetian and non-Venetian does surface in Othello. In the heads of Shakespeare? s audience black people were identified with witchery and other non-Christian superstitious notions. Brabantio accuses Othello of witchery, stating that the Moor must hold used? drugs and minerals? to get the better of Desdemona to his? sooty bosom? . In act III scene IV Othello? s account of the losing hankie implies that his female parent engaged in appeals that she acquired through other non-whites, in this instance an Egyptian. Race plays less a factor than what most critics makes it out to be. Othello being a minority yet at the same clip keeping such high position in society, even though Quintana -4- conditioned to his utility to Venice, proves this. It was common for Skakepeare? s audience to pigeonhole and tie in his colour skin color with witchery but by no agencies indistinguishable to what occurs in present twenty-four hours society. Work Cited 1. Meyer, Michael. ? Othello The Moor of Venice? . The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. New York: Bedford/St. Martin? s, 2000 2. Moore, Roger. ? Hamlet Click-Guide? . All Shakespeare [ online ] ? last updated 1 July 2000? [ cited 8 July 2000 ] Available from World Wide Web: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.allshakespeare.com 3. Ogude, S. E. ? Literature and Racism: The Example of Othello? Othello: New Essays by Black Writers. Ed. Mythili Kaul Washington, D. C. : Howard University Press, 1997, pp. 151-166 Bibliography Cynthia I. Quintana Racial Background Effect in Othello During the Elizabethan times it was uncommon for black people to move out functions in dramas. Shakespeare introduces this to his audience in two dramas, the first Titus Andromicus and the 2nd Othello. The first black character, Aaron, is portrayed as a secondary scoundrel. Othello on the other manus is of higher position than many of his equals in the drama. This was different for Shakespeare to show a minority individual with such authorization as a chief character. Even with such, many different racial slurs were used by protagonists to degrade him. In Act I, Scene I, Iago, the scoundrel in this drama and at the same clip the right manus adult male of Othello, is shouting to Desdemona? s male parent from the exterior of his house? even now, now, really now, an old black random-access memory is tupping your white Ewe? ( Shakespeare 1051 ) . The? thick-lips? ( Shakespeare 1050 ) is mentioned in this drama towards Othello but is non the first clip Shakespeare uses it. He uses the phrase in Titus Andronicus to depict the biracial kid of the Moor, Aaron. Moor is another term often used to place those darker skinned people. ( Shakespeare 1052 ) . Brabantio goes every bit far as impeaching Othello of witchery. He says that Othello must hold used? drugs and minerals? to acquire Desdemona to get married his? sooty bosom? . Iago instigates the characters in this drama that do talk foul of Othello. It is rather obvious from the beginning of the narrative that Iago is bewraying Othello. Iago references to Roderigo? I am non what I am? . The pick of words he used towards Othello does non needfully intend that he is a racialist yet at the same clip I do non experience that Othello? s Quintana -2- background effects the events in this drama. With or without Othello being a Moor the result of the drama would hold worked every bit good. Name-calling, which is how I describe what Iago was making throughout the drama, is a common manner of seeking to degrade person even in today? s society. You try to happen something in your opposition that distinguishes him from yourself and the people who defend you and you use this to interrupt down their regard. Iago, out of green-eyed monster, calls Othello names behind his dorsum and still with all this. Iago is really cagey in doing Othello vulnerable to his word. Iago? s use to Othello is neer specified to be race related although racial slurs are what he invariably repeats. He merely uses these comments to mock Othello. This is grounds that leads me to believe that if Shakespeare would non hold made Othello of the same race as the remainder of the characters the secret plan of this narrative would hold remained the same and it would hold flowed merely every bit good. Shakespeare would merely hold had to utilize other non-racial yet know aparting words against Othello. Love and green-eyed monster are the cardinal feelings portrayed in this narrative, non racism. All Iago wants is to take over the leading power that Othello has. He enjoys making pandemonium as all scoundrels do and will halt at nil to acquire what he wants. This demonstrates the immorality he has within himself. Iago persuades Roderigo to sell all of his properties so that there may be a opportunity between him and Desdemona. ( Shakespeare 1065 ) Two-faced Iago besides flourishes Desdemona with his congratulationss. ( Shakespeare 1068 ) is doing himself out to be a loyal friend in her eyes everyone is easy influenced by Iago. He has his manner with everyone. Neither Roderigo nor Desdemona are different in colour Quintana -3- skin color for Iago to lead on them but he does anyhow. They are all portion of his treachery. Iago is all for himself. He even goes to the extent of converting his married woman to steal a hankie from Desdemona and so made it portion of his strategy. There were no bounds for him. He took down whomever he had to. Even though Othello was black he was integrated into the Venetian society and was besides the provinces military title-holder against the Turks, which made his position equal to that of Desdemona? s male parent, Brabantio. Prior to Othello holding eloped with Desdemona Brabantio had invited this Moor to his house and held this black adult male as one of his equals. But even holding all of this authorization Othello is however an foreigner and he is really much aware of this. Othello tells us this in Act I, Scene III when he mentions his soldier of fortune at a? rented field? . Othello? s black tegument colour is less a racial issue than a cultural differentiator. However racial pigeonholing instead tham simple division between Venetian and non-Venetian does surface in Othello. In the heads of Shakespeare? s audience black people were identified with witchery and other non-Christian superstitious notions. Brabantio accuses Othello of witchery, stating that the Moor must hold used? drugs and minerals? to get the better of Desdemona to his? sooty bosom? . In act III scene IV Othello? s account of the losing hankie implies that his female parent engaged in appeals that she acquired through other non-whites, in this instance an Egyptian. Race plays less a factor than what most critics makes it out to be. Othello being a minority yet at the same clip keeping such high position in society, even though Quintana -4- conditioned to his utility to Venice, proves this. It was common for Skakepeare? s audience to pigeonhole and tie in his colour skin color with witchery but by no agencies indistinguishable to what occurs in present twenty-four hours society. Work Cited 1. Meyer, Michael. ? Othello The Moor of Venice? . The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. New York: Bedford/St. Martin? s, 2000 2. Moore, Roger. ? Hamlet Click-Guide? . All Shakespeare [ online ] ? last updated 1 July 2000? [ cited 8 July 2000 ] Available from World Wide Web: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.allshakespeare.com 3. Ogude, S. E. ? Literature and Racism: The Example of Othello? Othello: New Essays by Black Writers. Ed. Mythili Kaul Washington, D. C. : Howard University Press, 1997, pp. 151-166 321

cubiculum essays

cubiculum essays Cubiculum: the bedroom of a Roman villa The Romans often thought the bedroom as a less important room compared to the rest of the house, even if all the grooming and dressing activities took place there. Thus it became a small room, quite crapped, thanks to the low vaulted ceilings. The average Roman bedroom was about 6 feet wide. The bedroom itself inside was not filled with much furnitures. A bed or a sleeping sofa to sleep on, a chest to put ones belongs, and a little footstool near the bed. The flooring would often be covered in mosaics, in a certain pattern that would eventually led or frame where the bed sits. Some bedrooms, like the ones discovered in Pompeii, would have a bed niche. The windows themselves were even smaller; they usually were three by two feet. And if the bedrooms were on the first floor, the windows would not look at onto the streets, located near the atrium. Yet the room would nevertheless be situated towards the westward side, so that the windows would catch the morning sunrays. If the rays were bothersome, they did have shutters to block out the light and create a more dimmed, night-like environment. Sometimes, there would be a small antechamber in front of the bedroom chamber, where a personal servant would rest there, the antechamber was known as the procoeton. The Roman bedroom was often known to be small and more public compared to the Greek bedrooms. They were often located off the atrium, the entrance hallway, or connecting to the living room, for socializing reasons. They had bedrooms for the members of the family as well as for their fellow guests. The bedrooms during the daytime were used as a place to hold daytime private meetings, a place to have friends over, or to hold a confident business trading. - tcnj.edu/~anchouse/bedroom.html - roman-empire.net/society/soc-house.html ...

Crystal Flower - How to Crystallize a Real Flower

Crystal Flower - How to Crystallize a Real Flower Heres how to crystallize a real flower to make a beautiful decoration. Crystal Flower Materials You can do this project with any type of real (or fake) flower. Flowers with strong stems, like this thistle, work very well because the stem can support the weight of the crystals. If you use a fragile flower or a seed head, you may wire the stem or support it with a pipecleaner to help it support the weight. The crystals will absorb pigment from the flowers, producing a pastel tint, or you can add food coloring to the solution to color the flowers. Real flowerBoraxHot waterFood coloring (optional) What To Do Find a cup or jar large enough to hold the flower.Pour boiling water into the cup.Stir in borax until it stops dissolving. Add food coloring, if desired.Place the flower in the cup. You can tie a string to the stem of the flower and hang it in the cup from a pencil if you are concerned about crystals sticking the flower to the cup, but it isnt usually a big deal.Let the crystals grow for a few hours to overnight, depending on how thick you want the crystals to be.Remove the flower from the cup and gently place it on a paper towel to dry.You can place the flower in a vase to display it. Edible Crystal Flower If you substitute sugar or even salt, you can made an edible crystal flower. The principal is the same, but the crystals typically require a day or longer to grow. To get sugar crystals on a flower, add as much sugar as will dissolve in boiling hot water. Feel free to add food coloring or even a drop or two of flavoring. Let the solution cool to near room temperature before adding the flower. Place the container in a quiet location. You may need to break a top crust off the solution and occasionally move the flower to keep it from sticking to the sides or bottom of the container. You could suspend the flower in the liquid by tying it to a pencil or butter knife laid across the top of the container. The sugar solution is much thicker (syrupy) than the borax solution, so its best to attempt this project after youve mastered easier-to-grow crystals. Learn More Make a Glow in the Dark FlowerBorax Crystal SnowflakeMake Colored Flowers

Lean thinking game Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lean thinking game - Assignment Example The production system seemed to be push system where the master production schedule 1 has been followed in this round. U-Shaped layout has been implemented at the beginning of the game. The allotments of the members were same as in the round one. The further additions to the round two were that there were some changes in the inspection criteria. The inspection of the quality was done along the line instead at the end. With the inspections being done along with the operations the lines where encouraged to pace up the process. The speeding up of the operations certainly reduced the cycle time of the station. Significant changes have been made to the operations of the process. Long pull was introduced between the operations. The team has decided to use Mini heat treat unit in round 3. Additionally, the team decided to cut off the quality control and move forward to total quality control; that means eliminating all the possible defects from the process rather than identifying the defects by the end of the process. The observations of the end of the round 3 of the game concluded the following results. With the lack of alignment with production and demand the over production of the product will occur which can be seen in every round of the game. The production of the product shall be designed so as to fulfill the demand so that there shall be no over production in the upcoming rounds. The over production also occurred due to the lack of knowledge of inventory. With the proper transfer of the knowledge as where the inventory is present in the process and how much work is to be done on each of the station then the over production can be reduced to the minimum. With the control in the over production of the products the direct costs shall decrease along with the overheads and shall be beneficial. The production system shall be Kanbaan where the product is produced as per the demand of the customers and the demand of the next

Business Ethic - Flag of convenience Coursework

Business Ethic - Flag of convenience - Coursework Example matters over ships flying its flag.† Prevented by the odium linked with flags of convenience, several new shipping registries have placed themselves up as tax havens, more suitably pertained to asquasi-flag of convenience registries that is provided with firm maritime laws and the administrative machinery to enforce and implement them. There are three foundations when it comes to. The first one is that the ship registration conveys nationality to a ship and carries it within the command of the national law of the country of registration. Article 6 of the Convention of the High Seas (1958) particularly indicates that ships shall sail under the flag o one country solely and shall be subject to that flags special jurisdiction. Another is that a ship should also comply with international laws embodied in conventions that have been approved by the flag state and that is enforced. Apart from this, a ship could also be subject to the laws imposed by a country in whose territorial waters or port it is at present functioning. However the "law of the flag" often has supremacy over the "law of the port of call." Since the country of registry together with the law of the flag primarily influence ship operating economics, the option of register is critical to ship-owners. Ship registries could be divided into two broad categories: closed and open registers. Closed registers limit flagging only to nationals, such that a German would not be able to register his ships under the Russian flag. On the contrary, open registers are available to any ship-owner in spite of nationality. For instance, the United Kingdom is considered as an open register in that an American shipowner could register his vessels in the name of the British flag. Amongst open registries, there are national registers which deal with shipping companies in fundamentally the similar manner as any other business in the country. It is also noted that there are international registers which have been particularly

Staff Roles And Responsibilities In Rfp Process Information Technology Essay

Staff Roles And Responsibilities In Rfp Process Information Technology Essay Best Western International is looking at develop the functionality and the eServices of the European consolidated Best Western website that support the national European IT departments to integrate their functions and maintain-operate this single website portal. As the travel industry is characterised by dynamic changes such as mergers and acquisitions of hotel chains and properties, Best Western International is looking for a partner who is willing to share the responsibilities, benefits and risks. The partner should continually find ways to advance the functionality of the consolidated website portal and advise Best Western on the change management processes for its national IT departments. The vendor is also expected to help and assist the hotel to plan and go through with the required organisational change. The project is to complete within the next six months. This is a huge challenge as Best Western does not have any single IT department to oversee the design and the management of outsourcing requirements and process. This report helps to identify its operational and strategic needs for developing the Request for Proposal (RPF) as well as identifying and selecting an appropriate outsourcing vendor. One of the major requirements of the RFP is not only the technical requirements of the application but also the organisational competencies of the vendor that is required to help Best Western, Europe, manage the organisational transition process. This report advise the client how to write and negotiate the Service Level Agreement (SLA) with the selected vendor in order to ensure the provision of reliable services, how to develop and negotiate a contract with a potential vendor so that Best Western enjoys pricing, technological and organisational flexibility. This report also examines the business operational environment, its culture and propose strategies. This should enable Best Western to effectively manage the knowledge transfers and process collaboration between the internal multi-national IT staff and the IT vendor development staff. The focus areas include knowledge management and transfer issues, management of the transition process and organisational changes that are required to take place within Best Western in Europe. In addition, it helps Identify the staff who should be involved in the transition process and their roles and responsibilities. Major outsourcing risks and recommend practices to overcome them were identified as well. Introduction Best Western International is the worlds largest hotel brand. With its presence in 80 countries, it has over 4,000 hotels all around. Member hotels of Best Western consortia enjoy many benefits. Besides being associated with the international brand name, they receive the benefits of the marketing and operational services of Best Western. This includes access to (electronic) distribution channels, international reservation call centres, training, and centralised e-procurement. While Best Western International has its footprints all over the globe, its local representative offices in each country function independently in more ways than one. They develop and operate their own websites. These websites are not characterised by any standardised design. Each one features different online services and functionalities. Furthermore, there is limited synergy and links amongst these country specific websites. These websites create confusion to international travellers and also act as a major technological and organisational inhibitor to the future development and adoption of sophisticated eServices by the hotel chain. Furthermore, every national Best Western office has an individual IT department. This department is responsible for developing its own eServices based on the departments financial resources and skills. As a result, eServices development efforts are replicated; leading to a waste of resources at a European level despite the fact that other national IT departments may be lacking resources for website development The organisation has recognised the need to develop a consolidated portal providing access to all European Best Western websites. This should feature integrated and holistic new eServices; such as dynamic packaging solutions and an easier interface to the Best Western Reward programme Dynamic packaging solutions provide several benefits and revenue making opportunities to travel companies. It can also help the organisation realise its aims to promote Europe as a single destination. It has envisaged the need to re-organise the IT departments of Best Western in every European country. Other requirements will be to foster and support their cooperation and synergies as well as define their roles and responsibilities related to website design and e-services development. RFP Development RFP is typically drafted at the end of the requirements-gathering phase of a project. It is important that the following prerequisites be completed before embarking on RFP process: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify organisational objectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify stakeholders. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify project objectives. Once the prerequisites are completed, we can then accurately capture, interpret, and represent the voice of the client in specifying the IT system requirements. It is important that all stakeholders must achieve a common understanding of what the IT system will be and do. To achieve that, a combination of meetings with user representatives, facilitated workshops with analysts and users, individual customer interviews, prototyping, and user surveys be employed. It is important that Best Western International undergo the following pre-RFP activities before developing its RFP Has it performed any prior feasibility studies or High level design analysis on the new web portal to be developed Has the cost and benefit analysis of the consolidated systems being conducted and documented Was the benefits been quantified and shared with key stakeholders within the organisation to get consensus and endorsement about the new business for developing and consolidating the IT system Was the high level scope been identified including completing the documentation of the business process procedures (BPPs) to be enabled through new IT systems Identifying the sponsor for the new Portal and receiving approval to proceed. For example, a project charter to formally engage the necessary resources for the outsourcing project an Has the timelines for the implementation of new IT system and the estimated budget for the entire programme including TCO(total cost of ownership) for enduring support been finalised Pre-RFP activities are critical for formulating any business case into an RFP. It is recommended to use information gathering or IT requirement gathering methods, tools and techniques in order to capture the requirements for the new IT system. Some of the main tools that would help in elicitation of requirements are Brainstorming, structured questionnaires, case scenario, state transition diagrams and UML model diagram to capture relationship between the real time objects and classes. In other words, the pre-RFP activities are as much critical as the RFP activities. A good RFP address and capture the following: Scope of activities that are clearly defined to be delivered by the vendor. Unless the scope of the engagement is clear, vendors would not be in a position to submit a viable and competitive response for the RFP. Include inputs from the initial study/HLD analysis performed by client organisation with the quantifiable benefits expected out of new IT system. Vendor must understand the sizeable benefits and criticality of the new system to client organisation otherwise it would not be able assess direct financial implications on client organisation for any slippages and understand the criticality of the project to client Include technical requirements including specific technical infrastructure, platform and software. Furthermore, it is important to highlight reasons behind finalising on a particular platform and software including its roadmap in the RFP Include timelines for the vendors response submission and timelines for the project implementation and what impact would have on the client organisation in case of slippages Explicitly mention Vendor characteristics and minimum qualifications expected from vendor for being trusted partner for this engagement Clearly articulate the service level Agreement (SLAs) for the delivery of new IT system and impact of not adhering to SLAs along with financial liabilities (if any) Highlight the expected frequency and details to be incorporated in status reporting Explicitly document the mandate for signing on non-disclosure agreement of vendor with client organisation in order to ensure security and integrity of data Highlight the need for obtaining approval from key client personnel who will be engaged in the programme from vendors team Enforce the business units to highlight the risks, operational constraints and issues that the vendor can foresee on the programme/project. This will help in assessing its impact and its likelihood even before start of the programme and plan for mitigation What infrastructure required from a vendor perspective to deliver the new information system Vendors commercial offer and what factors that vendor thinks that would position them ahead of others Any live case studies whereby vendor had involved in similar engagement with other clients along with contact references from those clients for future enquiry and reference. Articulate clearly responsibility and accountability of activities to be taken by vendor and other parties as part of the engagement through RACIS(R-Responsible A-Accountable C-Consulted I-Informed S-Supported) matrix Include the warranty requirements that is expected from vendor on the new IT system to be developed The acceptance criteria for the new system and the process for obtaining signoff In addition an RFP should request a corporate profile of the responding vendor. Typically this will include risk statements around corporate liquidity, market share, an outline of local operations, number of staff in this country, support models (where support may be with a third party), escalation procedures to parent, local install base (number of customers in this country) etc.. A typical RFP for a website project should include the following components: Introductiona summary of the organization including the mission statement. Project outline Goals and purpose Project scope Website requirements Database development requirements User requirements Design requirements Functional requirements Budget constraints-limited budget Time constraints-when we need the project completed by and when we require responses from vendors Criteria for selecting a vendor Submission of proposal and further information-contact information that encourages vendors to contact the organization for more information Staff roles and responsibilities in RFP process: One of the critical success factors of an outsourcing deal is involving the right stakeholders who will be actively involved in this project whose interest may be positively or negatively affected as a result of the project execution or successful completion. For project outsourcing to succeed, it must be well-planned and carefully implemented. To help ensure the organisation benefit from outsourcing, different teams or roles can be formed or specified: Ideas team This team is involved in identifying processes which can be beneficial to outsource. They should be directly involved in overseeing the companys business strategy to ensure that they have a strategic overview of the companys existing processes and goals. Policy-level team This team is involved in assessing whether outsourcing specific processes is appropriate. For each process, this requires analysing the possible benefits of outsourcing in relation to the companys policies and strategic goals. The team should consist of senior company executives, rather than employees from individual departments. A common perception is that outsourcing a process implies a departments failure to manage it. Using senior executives rather than department members in a policy-level team helps ensure objectivity. It also ensures that the team has the required strategic perspective. Assessment team This team is involved in analysing the likely implications of outsourcing the process for the company. This team should include members from the policy-level team, and should be lead by an executive from the team. This team should include members with different roles and skills. This helps ensure that the team can recognise the likely implications of outsourcing across different areas and form the perspectives of different stakeholders. Members of an assessment should include: Consultants Functional managers Process experts Representative customers Technical experts Implementation and transition team This team is responsible for setting up project outsourcing to address any implication identified. It makes the changes required to pass internal production processes to a service provider. The transition team should be involved in managing the change involved in outsourcing project. This teams focus should be on ensuring that the move from internal production to outsourcing des not impact negatively on the company. Vendor evaluation and assessment criteria Prior to developing the evaluation criteria, it is important to clearly define the company objectives of outsourcing its IT operation in term of functions, performance, quality and costs. We can then define the following outputs expected from the vendors: Operational systems Documentation Management Training Communication Support Reduced costs Expertise Assets When we have the above outputs, we can define the following acceptance criteria: The quality of the service in term of functionality, usability, performance, reliability and availability The implementation and operational plan The quality of the support Capability for future enhancements in line with business expansion Qualification of vendor technical capacity ability to meet objectives financial stability quality system In additional, an evaluation of the following should be performed: Assess the managerial proposal: Desired working relationships Depth and frequency of liaison, meeting, reports Dealing with extraordinary items Location of offices and services Resources/commitment required of client Confidentiality Assess terms and condition: ownership of hardware and software maintenance of customer supplied equipment protection of customers and vendor proprietary information Warranty period Escrow arrangement Assess the technical proposal completeness of proposal demonstration of capabilities or products compliance to requirement (performance and quality) demonstration of degree of understating of problems and applicability of solution technical strategy maturity applicability and compatibility Assess the financial proposal assess method of payment E.g., fixed price, by usage of resource, shared savings, revenue it Identify Total costs Identify cost payment schedule Other factors in assessing proposal The vendor The company industry specification, track record Length of time in business Length of time with local presence Standard qualification (ISO 90000, etc) Size, ownership, financial position / paid up capital etc. Staff assigned CV, security clearance (if appropriate) Experience, is who you see who you will get? Any other commitments References (other customers) Previous experience with contractors Does contractors representative come across as direct or straight forward? interest in your business In addition, we can quantify evaluation criteria of each vendor by aiming to score vendors against each other. For example: Attached weights to each Criteria Weight Proposed Functionality 6 Demonstrated Services 5 Previous Experience 3 Costs 5 We can give each vendor a score of 1-10 for each criterion and determine total weighted score = sum (weighted scores) Criteria Weight Vendor 1 Vendor 2 Score Weighted Score Score Weighted Score Proposed Functionality 6 8 48 7 42 Demonstrated Services 5 4 20 5 25 Previous Experience 4 6 24 4 16 Costs 5 5 25 5 25 Total 117 108 The vendor with the highest score is usually the preferred partner. Service Level Agreement (SLA) development An SLA defines the boundaries of the project in terms of the functions and services that the service provider will provide, the volume of work that will be accepted and delivered, and acceptance criteria for responsiveness and the quality of deliverables. A well-defined and well crafted SLA should set expectations for parties, including the incentives, rewards and penalties applicable to the outsourcing agreement and its results. To ensure the provision of reliable services from the service provider, an SLA should specify client and the providers accountabilities in the outsourcing relationship. These include: Client role The organisation needs to detail its role in the outsourcing relationship. This extends beyond providing its requirements because it details what the provider can expect from the client organisation. For example, the organisation may need to advise the provider about the process, keep them informed about the vision of the project, provide any customise software it needs, or help it acquire and maintain infrastructure The terms of service This should include the cost and duration of the contract, and a time frame for deliverables. The terms should be realistic and measurable, based on the organisations requirements. It need to stipulate any context-sensitive terms, such as a roadmap for release dates, an hourly billing rate, any ceilings on billing rates, and conditions for payments. Delivery measurements This should detail how the providers service is measured, and any performance bonuses payable if metrics are exceeded. The organisation needs to specify who is in charge of completing the metrics, who reviews status reports, and how any conflicts in the measurements are to be mediated or arbitrated. For example, we should set metrics for service reliability, availability and response times for transactions and any service incidents such as server failure. Reliability = Uptime / Downtime The system shall not suffer a downtime greater than 15 minutes during continuous 24 hours operation Downtime = Operational down time + Waiting time + Investigation time + Recovery time Availability = Uptime / (Uptime + Downtime + Maintenance time) The system shall be 99% available during normal working hours (0700 1900) Performance Response time 95% of all online enquiries will be serviced within 5 seconds Average response time to online enquiries shall be 4 seconds No enquiry shall suffer a response time > 10 seconds Throughput The system will handle a maximum of 100,000 transactions per day Storage The system must currently store 1 million customer records and provision must be made for an increase in records of 5% per annum Delivery and Output The following reports will be delivered daily at 0800 Penalty clauses This should include the price and penalties of non-compliance in the SLA. This should clearly define the expectations in the relationship and helps establish remedial processes to resolve any compliance disputes and ensure uninterrupted service. We can dictate a fee reduction, corrective action or payable compensation for any defects or damages to the organisation reputation or service quality due to non-delivery. For example: A Defect is any non-conforming performance that occurs during a day. A Level one defect is any defect that lasts for more than 2 hours but less than 24 hours A Level two defect is any defect that lasts for more than 24 hours A Level three defect is any defect that occurs more than once during any seven-day period A Level four defect is any defect that occurs more than once during any thirty-day period Penalties For each Level one defect, service provider will grant the client a credit of $1000 against the provider fees For each Level two defect, service provider will grant the client a credit of $5000 against the provider fees Exit clause The organisation may need to terminate an outsourcing relationship due to non-performance, violation of the SLA like Termination for cause, or to reintegrate the outsourced processes into its in-house operations due to mergers or acquisition Termination for convenience. These instances and related activities need to be stipulated in an exit clause to ensure both parties understand how and when the outsourcing relationship can end. For example, the organisation stipulates that the contract automatically terminates after six months or if a contact violation occurs. Flexibility SLA should be flexible enough so that any changes or updates either internal or market-related can be easily added to the contract. It is recommended that SLA be reviewed every six month depending on service aspect and its occurrence of poor performance and duration of the contract itself. However, this should not negate the benefits accruing to either party. For example, if a project is scaled upwards to accommodate extra transactions, the metrics for measuring service deliverables need to change. When setting an SLA, we need to consider the organisation and service provider existing infrastructure, including expertise, employees, and technology. It is useless setting up an SLA that details commitments that cannot be fulfilled due to limited infrastructure. A typical SLA should be as long as it must be and as short as it can be. SLA of 10 to 50 pages are not unusual. The longer it is, the more important it is to focus on structure, clarity and readability Contract Development Building flexible in an outsourcing contract is important to ensure the success of an outsourcing arrange. Today market is moving fast and changing fast. Many IS outsourcing deals seem to be obsolete as soon as they are signed. Business strategy changes, market environment changes, technology changes, law, rules and regulatory changes could affect scope of services which means that outsourcing objectives no longer aligned to the business goals to achieve the desired outcomes that they were set to achieve. Flexibilities need to be built during planning stage, contracting stage and post contract management stage to meet any of the above changes. Planning Stage Selecting the right vendor with culture that reflects its business philosophy is important instead of evaluating merely on price and capability. The selection process should involve due diligence regarding the vendors record and attitudes toward rigidity, structure, adaptation, bureaucracy, change and, most importantly, the vendor attitudes toward creating customer value. Choosing the right vendor by forming a strategic alliance promotes the spirit of teams whereby both share relevant risk and rewards would enable contracting parties to be flexible in getting over those bumps along the path. Contracting Stage Contracts are made to allocate risks. Typical contracts allocate known risks and provide some opportunity to each party to obtain a commercially reasonable outcome for risks that are unlikely but nonetheless possible The first is a change in the scope of services. This will likely affect staffing commitments, technology investment, pricing and service level commitments, among other things. In defining the scope of contracted services, the customer should establish a method for integrating the vendors services into the customers other service infrastructures, both internal and external, both current and planned. In the contracting stage, provision for flexibility should be catered for changes in the business environment within organisation. As mentioned, with rapid globalisation, change is a constant to the business. Such change could result in a drastic increase or decline in provider services. The contract should contemplate the impact on pricing and service level commitments in the face of such dramatic changes. The pricing schedules should reflect a band of services at varying, foreseeable levels in order to facilitate financial planning for both parties. At the outer limit, unbundled and transparent pricing, particularly for commodity-type services should be considered. Pricing algorithms and strategies should be studied separately, since pricing flexibility reflects a constellation of business terms. Next are changes in the legal environment. Laws, rules and regulations change, often unpredictably. A contract that did not foresee such changes must be construed to allocate the cost of compliance with such new directives and compliance. Accordingly, contracts should require the vendor to comply with changes in the laws, and costs of compliance should be addressed. Otherwise, the vendor would be exculpated from having to comply by arguing that an act of state, act of God or other force majeure exonerates the vendors non-compliance. The vendor should assume certain predictable risks of technology changes. With rapid technological update and changes, both parties may predict and contractually agree on certain technology refreshment cycles beyond a certain threshold like three to five years where both sides must provide contractual leeway to benefit from such changes without incurring material adverse consequences if those changes should radically alter the contractual balance. Additionally, organisations are moving towards the concepts such as business process management (BPM). BPM allows an organisation to continually make adjustments to its business processes as it evolves and learns. A vendor should embrace this type of concept and allow flexibility into its processes. Furthermore, using best practices such as Service Oriented Architecture could also aid in flexibility. Business operational environment and Culture Staff roles and responsibilities in transition Staff or stakeholders involved in the transition process and knowledge transfer would include Ideas team, Policy-level team, Assessment team, and Implementation and transition team as mentioned Staff roles and responsibilities in RFP process who roles and responsibilities are clearly defined. In addition, the teams should consist of members from both the client and service provider organisation. Culture and resistance to change The culture of each organisation in an outsourcing relationship helps to determine its flexibility. Change typically involves stress because it requires that people adjust to new roles, process and responsibilities. An organisation culture helps to determine the level of stress caused by change, and whether this stress inspires resent or commitment. An organisation culture can help to determine: Its approach to the value of the relationship and to building the relationship over time with the provider Its openness to change The extend to which employees share a common vision and can work together One of the crucial factors to successful outsourcing is a smooth transition. The transition phase involves multiple stakeholders and a number of dynamics paradigms that outsourcing brings to an organisation impacts all clients stakeholders employees, users, and support groups. Many employees will be concerned about the implication of this change to their jobs and to their futures. For some employees, a clear understanding of the required changes and their rationale will foster immediate buy-in and support. Other employees will express their concern by asking questions, challenging rationales, and finding holes in the implementation plan and process. Other employees may resist the change by either avoiding involvement or causing real or potential disruption. Understanding the stages of Resistance A key step in a smooth transition is to understand the three stages of behavioural patterns as it relates to organizational resistance. The three basic stages that have been identified by organizational management professionals are Holding On, Letting Go, and Moving On. Holding On is the initial the resistance to change that occurs when individuals hold on to that with which they are most familiar and comfortable. Many users are used to getting served in a particular way from a team. There is mutual trust as well as fear of the unknown. In the case of outsourcing, their team may now be thousands of miles away instead of just down the floor. This naturally causes concerns such as: How do I know what my team is doing offshore? How do I speak to my team during my workday? Where is everybody? Signs of this stage include forgetting to attend meetings about the change, coming into work late or an increase in employees calling in sick, or when people become irritable or withdrawn from others with whom they have previously had good working relations. Letting Go is the second phase individuals typically experience when confronted with change. You may start hearing people say things like it just might work if management will let it happen. I will do it once I see others do it without any backlash. It might work somewhere else, but I dont know how it would work here. Letting Go is visible when people start attending meetings and either do not contribute or take opposing perspectives or when individuals question the issues associated with the change and start challenging thinking. They begin spending more of their personal time discussing how it might just work if only Moving On is the third phase. At this stage, we can hear comments like: When am I going to learn how to do this? How can I get this going already? This isnt so bad after all. Moving On is visible when individuals spend time planning how to make things wo

Plot Summary Catch Me If You Can Essay

In 1963, teen-aged Frank Abagnale (Leonardo DiCaprio) lives New Rochelle, New York with his father Frank Abagnale, Sr. (Christopher Walken), and French mother Paula (Nathalie Baye). When Frank Sr. is denied a business loan at Chase Manhattan Bank due to unspecified difficulties with the IRS, the family is forced to move from their large home to a small apartment. Paula carries on an affair with Jack (James Brolin), a friend of her husband. Meanwhile, Frank poses as a substitute teacher in his French class. Frank’s parents file for divorce, and Frank runs away. When he runs out of money, he begins to rely on confidence scams to get by. Soon, Frank’s cons grow bolder and he even impersonates an airline pilot. He forges Pan Am payroll checks and succeeds in stealing over $2. 8 million. Meanwhile, Carl Hanratty (Tom Hanks), an FBI bank fraud agent, begins to track down Frank. Carl and Frank meet in a hotel, where Frank convinces Carl his name is Barry Allen of the Secret Service. Frank leaves, Carl angrily realizing his mistake just as it is too late. Later, at Christmas, Carl is still working when Frank calls him, attempting to apologize for duping Carl. Carl rejects his apology and tells him he will soon be caught, but laughs when he realizes Frank actually called him because he has no one else to talk to. Frank hangs up, and Carl continues to investigate, suddenly realizing (thanks to a waiter) that the name â€Å"Barry Allen† is from the Flash comic books and that Frank is just a teenager. Frank, meanwhile, has not only changed to becoming a doctor and a lawyer, but has fallen in love with Brenda (Amy Adams), to whom he eventually admits the truth about himself and asks her to run away with him. Carl tracks him to his engagement party where Frank has left Brenda, asking her to meet him two days later so they can elope. Frank sees her waiting for him two days later, but also sees agents in disguise. He realizes he has been set up and escapes on a flight to Europe. Seven months later, Carl shows his boss that Frank has been forging checks all over western Europe and asks permission to go to Europe to look for him. When his boss says no, Carl brings Frank’s checks to printing professionals who deem that the checks were printed in France. Carl remembers from an interview with Frank’s mother that she was born in Montrichard, France. He goes there and finds Frank, and tells him that the French police will kill him if he does not go with Carl quietly. Frank assumes he is lying at first, but Carl promises Frank he would never lie to him, and Carl takes him outside, where the French police escort him to prison. The scene then flashes forward to a plane returning Frank home from prison, where Carl informs him that his father has died. Consumed with grief, Frank escapes from the plane and goes back to his old house, where he finds his mother with the man she left his father for, as well as a girl who Frank realizes is his half-sister. Frank gives himself up and is sentenced to 12 years in prison, getting visits from time to time from Carl. When Frank points out how one of the checks Carl is carrying as evidence is fake, Carl convinces the FBI to offer Frank a deal by which he can live out the remainder of his sentence working for the bank fraud department of the FBI, which Frank accepts. While working at the FBI, Frank misses the thrill of the chase and even attempts to fly as an airline pilot again. He is cornered by Carl, who insists that Frank will return to the FBI job since no one is chasing him. On the following Monday, Carl is nervous that Frank has not yet appeared at work. However, Frank does show up and they discuss their next case. The ending credits reveal that Frank has been happily married for 26 years, has three sons, lives in the Midwest, is still good friends with Carl, has caught some of the world’s most elusive money forgers, and earns millions of dollars each year because of his work creating unforgeable checks.

12th Amendment Fixing the Electoral College

The 12th Amendment to the  United States Constitution  refined the manner in which the  President  and  Vice President  of the United States are elected by the  Electoral College. Intended to address unforeseen political problems resulting from the presidential elections of 1796 and 1800, the 12th Amendment replaced the procedure originally provided for in Article II, Section 1. The amendment was passed by Congress on December 9, 1803, and ratified by the states on June 15, 1804. Key Takeaways: 12th Amendment The 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution modified the way in which the president and vice president are elected under the Electoral College system.The amendment requires that the electors of the Electoral College cast separate votes for president and vice president, rather than two votes for president.It was approved by Congress on December 9, 1803, and ratified by the states, becoming a part of the Constitution on June 15, 1804. Provisions of the 12th Amendment Before the 12th Amendment, the electors of the Electoral College did not cast separate votes for president and vice president. Instead, all of the presidential candidates ran together as a group, with the candidate who got the most electoral votes elected president and the runner-up becoming vice president. There was no such thing as a political party’s president-vice president â€Å"ticket† as there is today. As the influence of politics in government grew, the problems of this system became clear. The 12th Amendment requires that each elector cast one vote specifically for president and one vote specifically for vice president, rather than two votes for president. In addition, the electors may not vote for both candidates of a presidential ticket, thus ensuring that candidates of different political parties would never be elected president and vice president. The amendment also prevents persons who are ineligible to serve as president from serving as vice president. The amendment did not change the way in which  electoral vote ties  or lack of majority are handled: the  House of Representatives  chooses the president, while the  Senate  chooses the vice president. The need for the 12th Amendment is better understood when placed in historical perspective. Historical Setting of the 12th Amendment As the delegates to the  Constitutional Convention of 1787  convened, the  American Revolution’s  spirit of unanimity and shared purpose still filled the air—and influenced the debate. In creating the Electoral College system, the Framers specifically sought to eliminate the potentially divisive influence of partisan politics from the electoral process. As a result, the pre-12th Amendment Electoral College system reflected the Framer’s desire to ensure that the president and vice president would be selected from among a group of the nation’s â€Å"best men† without the influence of political parties. Exactly as the Framers intended, the U.S. Constitution never has and probably never will even mention politics or political parties. Before the 12th Amendment, the Electoral College system worked as follows: Each elector of the Electoral College was allowed to vote for any two candidates, at least one of whom was not a resident of the elector’s home state.When voting, the electors did not designate which of the two candidates they had voted for was to be vice president. Instead, they just voted for the two candidates they believed to be the most qualified to serve as president.The candidate getting more than 50 percent of the votes became president. The candidate getting the second most votes became vice president.If no candidate got more than 50 percent of the votes, the president was to be selected by the House of Representatives, with the delegation of each state getting one vote. While this gave equal power to both the large and small states, it also made it more likely that the candidate ultimately selected to be president would not be the candidate who had won the majority of the popular vote.In the event of a tie among the candidates who got the second-most votes, the  Se nate  selected the vice president, with each Senator getting one vote. Although complicated and broken, this system worked as intended during the nation’s first presidential election in 1788, when  George Washington—who detested the idea of political parties—was unanimously elected to the first of his two terms as president, with  John Adams  serving as the first vice president. In the elections of 1788 and 1792, Washington received 100 percent of both the popular and electoral vote. But, as the end of Washington’s final term drew near in 1796, politics was already creeping back into American hearts and minds. Politics Exposes Electoral College Problems During his second term as Washington’s vice president, John Adams had associated himself with the  Federalist Party, the nation’s first political party. When he was elected president in 1796, Adams did so as a Federalist. However, Adams’ bitter ideological adversary,  Thomas Jefferson—an avowed  Anti-Federalist  and member of the  Democratic-Republican Party, having gotten the second-most electoral votes, was elected vice president under the Electoral College system. As the turn of the century approached, America’s budding love affair with political parties would soon expose the weaknesses of the original Electoral College system. The Election of 1800 One of the most important events in American history, the election of 1800 marked the first time an incumbent president—one of the Founding Fathers at that—actually lost an election. That president, John Adams, a Federalist, was opposed in his bid for a second term by his Democratic-Republican vice president Thomas Jefferson. Also for the first time, both Adams and Jefferson ran with â€Å"running mates† from their respective parties. Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney from South Carolina ran with Adams, while Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr of New York ran with Jefferson. When the votes were counted, the people had clearly preferred Jefferson for president, handing him a 61.4 to 38.6 percent victory in the popular vote. However, when the electors of the Electoral College met to cast their all-important votes, things got very complicated. The Federalist Party electors realized that casting their two votes for Adams and Pinckney would cause a tie, and if they both got a majority, the election would go to the House. With this in mind, they cast 65 votes for Adams and 64 votes for Pinckney. Apparently not so aware of this flaw in the system, the Democratic-Republican electors all dutifully cast both of their votes for Jefferson and Burr, creating a 73-73 majority tie forcing the House to decide whether Jefferson or Burr would be elected president. In the House, each state delegation would cast one vote, with a candidate needing the votes of a majority of delegations to be elected president. On the first 35 ballots, neither Jefferson nor Burr were able to win a majority, with Federalist Congressmen voting for Burr and all Democratic-Republican Congressmen voting for Jefferson. As this â€Å"contingent election† process in the House drug on, the people, thinking they had elected Jefferson, became increasingly unhappy with the Electoral College system. Finally, after some heavy lobbying by  Alexander Hamilton, enough Federalists changed their votes to elect Jefferson president on the 36th ballot. On March 4, 1801, Jefferson was inaugurated as president. While the election of 1801 set the cherished precedent for the  peaceful transfer of power, it also exposed critical problems with the Electoral College system that almost everyone agreed had to be fixed before the next presidential election in 1804. Ratification of the 12th Amendment In March 1801, just weeks after the election of 1800 had been resolved, the state legislature of New York proposed two constitutional amendments similar to what would become the 12th Amendment. While the amendments eventually failed in the New York legislature, U.S. Senator DeWitt Clinton of New York began discussions on a proposed amendment in the U.S. Congress. On December 9, 1803, the 8th Congress approved the 12th Amendment and three days later submitted it to the states for ratification. Since there were seventeen states in the Union at the time, thirteen were needed for ratification. By September 25, 1804, fourteen states had ratified it and James Madison declared that the 12th Amendment had become a part of the Constitution. The states of Delaware, Connecticut, and Massachusetts rejected the amendment, although Massachusetts would eventually ratify it 157 years later, in 1961. The presidential election of 1804 and all elections since have been conducted according to the provisions of the 12th Amendment. Sources â€Å"12th Amendment Text.†Ã‚  Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law SchoolLeip, Dave.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Electoral College – Origin and History.†Ã‚  Atlas of U.S. Presidential ElectionsLevinson, Sanford.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Amendment XII: Election of President and Vice President.†Ã‚  National Constitution Center