Salinger s Influence On His Contributions - 2154 Words

Salinger had a fairly typical childhood growing up in the 1920s. He was born on January 1, 1919 to Sol Salinger and Marie Jillisch (McGrath). Born in New York City, he spent most of his childhood there (Telgen 117). When he was growing up, academic excellence was not one of Salinger’s priorities (117). After failing several prep schools, he finally graduated from Valley Forge Military Academy in Pennsylvania (117). Yet, with an IQ of 115, he never did finish his post-secondary education (Hipple 106; Miller 551). In 1937, Salinger traveled to Austria and Poland to learn his father’s business, but he was dissatisfied with it and returned to America (McGrath). Although unremarkable, his childhood did impact his literary contributions.†¦show more content†¦D. Salinger also contributed other short compositions. He officially began his writing career when he took a short story course at Columbia University, where he had an opportunity in publish in Story magazine (Te lgen 117). After that, his literary career became increasingly more popular, appearing in numerous magazines (117). However, several of Salinger’s stories from the 1940s have never been republished because he refused such republications (117). He published Nine Stories, Franny and Zooey, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters, and Seymour: An Introduction, and â€Å"Hapworth 16, 1924† in 1953, 1961, 1963, and 1965 respectively (McGrath; Miller 552). Salinger is recognized for his vivid depiction of young Americans during the post-WWII era as they are searching for their future (Mulligan 351). Despite his limited collection, Salinger is arguably one of the most popular American authors of the 20th century. Published in 1951, The Catcher in the Rye faced major criticisms for its controversial depiction of teenage angst. After WWII ended, the US emerged as the most powerful nation in the world, with 30 million children born in a period of 18 years following the war (Kallen 24-25). By the 1950s and 1960s, many of these children were going through their teenage years (24-25). The Catcher in the Rye reflected their unexplainable sensations and changes of adolescence (24-25). The Catcher in the Rye was considered a controversial book in the

Goal Line Technology in Soccer Free Essays

A global audience of 3. 2 billion people – about 46. 4% of the world population – watched the World Cup tournament of 2010, according to FIFA, the world governing body of soccer. We will write a custom essay sample on Goal Line Technology in Soccer or any similar topic only for you Order Now The final between Spain and The Netherlands alone had an audience of approximately 530 million. There is little debate about which sport is more played and watched more than any other. It unites and divides cities and countries. It sparks debate and controversy, which is discussed within families, with co-workers, and even between heads of state. At present, the most pressing issue facing the sport is whether to introduce goal line technology, computerized technology to definitely determine the scoring of a goal. This is not a new problem. According to the rules of the game, a goal should be awarded when the whole ball crosses the goal line. However, there have been many high profile cases when the officials have made the wrong decision and awarded a goal – or failed to award a goal. In such a low scoring game as soccer, where teams typically score one to two goals per game, it can mean the difference between winning and losing a game. During an important tournament, it can mean winning or losing the biggest prize of them all: the World Cup. For example, in the 1966 World Cup final between a very closely matched England and West Germany sides, the game went into thirty minutes of extra time with the scores level after the normal ninety minute period. Then Alan Ball crossed the ball to England’s main striker, Geoff Hurst, who controlled and ball and shot towards the goal. The ball beat the German goalkeeper and crashed on the underside of the bar, sending it crashing down towards the goal line. Tofik Bakhramov, the watching Russian linesman (actually a common misconception, as he was actually from the then Soviet state of Azerbaijan) indicated to the referee it was a goal, believing that the whole ball had crossed the white line. The goal was given and it changed the match. England went on to win the game and seal the country’s greatest ever sporting triumph. However, based on the TV footage and photographs of the incident, the common unbiased conception is that it bounced on the line and therefore the goal should not have been awarded. For years now the technology to judge whether the whole ball has crossed the goal line has existed. There are two well known systems: Sony’s Hawk-Eye and the German alternative, GoalRef. Hawk-Eye is well known to cricket and tennis fans and has been used to great success in both sports, accurately showing where the ball landed in tennis, and predicting the flight of the ball in cricket. In soccer it could judge whether the ball crossed the goal line with a high level of accuracy. The second option – Goalref – places sensors inside the ball and goalposts, which categorically determine the exact location of the ball when near the goal. So why hasn’t the world’s most populous sport embraced technology? Surely this technology would improve the game and make it fair for everyone? Well, it isn’t as simple as it appears. In fact FIFA have found itself in a quagmire. If they introduce technology now at this late stage in 2012 they will be seen as being slow to react to important problems; resist technology and they will only exacerbate the problem in the future. The game’s hierarchy has, until recently, been largely against the introduction of technology. FIFA spends hundreds of millions of dollars worldwide investing in the game at grass roots level, determined to ensure football keeps its universal appeal by being played by all people on a level playing field. In short, FIFA wants a group of children playing on the beach in Brazil to essentially be playing the same game as Barcelona versus Real Madrid in the Champions League Final. Moreover, the governing body fears the introduction of technology will lead to a ‘slippery slope’ whereby technology will be used in many aspects of the game, drastically changing the flow of the game. Michel Platini, head of the very influential European governing body UEFA, is one such example of the resistance of technology. Platini says, â€Å"we will see. As for technology, I don’t think it’s good for football. Maybe goal line technology, but that would be the first step towards the introduction of technology in all areas of the game. I’m still very much against it and, to be honest, I’m not going to change my mind at the age of 57. † Instead, Platini has implemented a new system whereby five referees are used instead of the standard three officials. This, he argues, has eradicated the problem of ‘ghost goals’ citing Marko Devic’s ‘goal’ for Ukraine in the 2012 European Championships as being ‘the only error’ in the last three years. Like most soccer fans, I love debating the game with family, friends and co-workers. I thrive on the controversy. When England midfielder Frank Lampard ‘scored’ for England against Germany in the 2010 World Cup (the ball was clearly over the line but the spin of it made it bounce back out of the goal and the game played on) I was on my feet shouting at the referee for not giving the clear goal. Equally, when the aforementioned Ukrainian striker Marko Devic’s shot clearly went over the goal line and neither the referee nor linemen saw it, I was smiling to myself thanking our good fortunate. In both cases it would have probably changed the match – and the tournament. After the match endless experts and pundits argued the issue. Essentially the controversy had inadvertently created an even greater spectacle. As much as I love the debates, I think it is now time to move forward. There is too much money involved and the reputation and credibility of the game is at stake. I believe FIFA have an obligation and responsibility to introduce goal line technology – and the sooner the better. It should proceed with caution though. The ball crossing the line is definitive. In essence, the whole ball either completely crossed the white line or it didn’t. It isn’t open to interpretation like, say, whether a player has committed a foul. It is my belief that FIFA, while embracing this technology, should oppose further technological advances in the game, especially when it comes to subjective decisions. Football is a fast-paced game and breaks in the continuity would drastically change the game for the worse. Goal line technology has been proven to work quickly and effectively ensuring it will have minimal negative effect. In conclusion, I acknowledge the problem of whether to introduce goal line technology is a divisive issue. I can see the argument from both sides. However, I do not agree with the current policy of stalling on the issue and delaying technological change or the over-complicated idea of bringing in more assistant referees, as suggested by Michel Platini. Instead, it is my belief that it is time for FIFA to embrace change and bring goal line technology into the â€Å"beautiful game. † How to cite Goal Line Technology in Soccer, Essay examples

Southwestern University Football Program

Question: Discuss about theSouthwestern University Football Program. Answer: Analysis of the Data using Quality Tools. The football program of Southwestern University has been achieving fame considerably for the past five years since Phil Stephenville has become the new coach. The continuous victory of SWU still did not make Joel Wisner, the president happy enough as he was facing a lot of complaints from the students, alumni as well as faculty members regarding the arrangements surrounding the stadium such as long queues in the concession stands, low quality of the seats, less parking attendants, small parking area and a few more. The problem was also there regarding the price of the tickets. The president then requested the vice president to identify the actual difficulties using quality tools (Tutka 2016) and solve it. The faculty members, students and alumni instead of being happy with the performance of the football team of the university were irritated by the problems faced by the audience. Major problem was with parking area, parking attendants, seats and facing long queues in the concession s tands for prices of tickets and food. These issues came up when a survey was done upon the reviews of the fans randomly for the past years under the instructions of the VP (Junghagen, Besjakov and Lund 2016). The trivial issues includes low quality food, poor services, dirty toilets, demand for a new stadium, less number of policepersons in the traffic area which was creating a mess and there was also demands for skyboxes in the stadium for better views (Wakefield 2015). All of the issues arose due the negligence of the management towards the betterment of the stadium and its services. Analysis of Problem and the Corresponding Effects (Created by Author) Utility of the Survey The vice president of the university did a random survey of the total quality management (TQM) (Umbel, 2017) based upon the reviews of the fans of the past years. This survey helped in the identification of the major issues. The survey could have been more useful if the issues were sorted out earlier. The quality tools used in surveying also figured out the key issues (Tutka 2016). The survey helped in choosing the solutions to resolve the issues such as use of slip-resistant materials in the edges, keeping extra provision for exit, improvement of the quality of the seats, allotting space for skyboxes, opening extra counters for concession in food and ticket prices, allotting more number of parking attendants to avoid chaos and making the parking area large enough for smooth processing. Final Step Keeping in mind all the major and trivial issues certain changes should be implemented by the management team. The stadium being larger multiple small screens or giant screen should be introduced for the audiences to watch live HD streams of the match (Umbel, 2017). The parking area should be broadened and seats must be improved very soon to meet the demands of the fans. Mobile service point should be allotted to provide better service in food and drinks. References: Junghagen, S., Besjakov, S.D. and Lund, A.A., 2016. Designing Experiences to Increase Stadium Capacity Utilisation in Football. Tutka, P.M., 2016.An Ideal-Type through Innovation Diffusion: Recording the Construction History of Football Stadiums in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)(Doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University). Umbel. (2017). 10 Ways Stadiums Venues Are Using Technology to Delight Fans Keep Them Coming Back. [online] Available at: https://www.umbel.com/blog/publishers/10-ways-stadiums-are-using-technology-to-delight-fans/ [Accessed 11 Feb. 2017]. Wakefield, K., 2015. What Attracts Fans to Avenue?.Routledge Handbook of Theory in Sport Management.